Extended Research
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After my initial visits to the Drawing Room in Unit 1, I felt the extended research was an exciting chance to partake in informative research and began thinking about all the different ways I might go about it. Some of the many directions I travelled on my research journey included: researching rubbings at the British museum; I thought about archeology collections and archives that housed rubbings; I thought about how my original degree in classics might be helpful in approaching material collections such as ancient mosaics or other historically important sites; I considered historic sites and features such as the steps of the Bodleian library at oxford university; I attempted to research about the possibility of accessing abandoned buildings and even looked into haunted spaces in London that might have some significance. All these ideas are exciting and perhaps are worth further consideration.
Allegra Pesenti Interview
My first breakthrough with an external partner was to contact Allegra Pesenti, who agreed to a written interview. I managed to get her email after contacting the Hammer Museum, where she used to work. Pesenti was the curator of the exhibition and subsequent publication “Apparitions: Frottages and Rubbings from 1860 to Now, Feb 7–May 31, 2015”. This text was important for my research, and I had many questions since reading it. The interview went as follows:
Tom Harper:
In a time when touch is so transgressive, how relevant is bringing back a sense of touch and connection in the world through art?
Allegra Pesenti:
I think a sense of touch and connection are forever vital to art, and of course it is all the more relevant at the heels of the pandemic in which we have been physically distanced from both human and material ‘closeness’.
Tom Harper:
I’m interested in how you came to select the artists that you did and the works that you showed. Perhaps you could talk a little bit more about what drew you to these artists and works?
Allegra Pesenti:
Artists immersed in the practice of rubbing and related work appeared in my path as soon as I started thinking about the subject both historically and in the present. A revelatory moment was Jennifer Bornstein’s exhibition at Gavin Brown’s in New York city, in which she rubbed the entire surface of the floors of the gallery and placed the sheets of paper on the walls, creating a monumental reversal of space and sense of disorientation. I was also struck by how the marks of the floors emphasized the site’s age and history, as if she were retrieving its ghosts from its inner linings. Bornstein’s rubbing practice evolved from abstraction to figuration and remained a main point of inspiration throughout my research on the subject.
Tom Harper:
You write about traces in the exhibition and how recording objects, surfaces or places can reveal and assume a new presence as rubbings. I am very interested in rubbing to reveal void spaces such as cracks, scores or the tiniest marks of wear and tear. Perhaps you could tell me more about frottage’s power to transcend its subject matter and create new meanings?
Allegra Pesenti:
There is an element of wonder and unexpectedness in rubbings which is what made the practice so appealing to Surrealist artists. Max Ernst found his deepest fantasies in the grains of the wood of his floorboards. A comb easily morphed into an animal’s body. I think that ability to ’transfigure’ objects and to see beyond their common forms and uses is at the core of this form of artistic expression.
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Tom Harper:
Is there any way that you think rubbing and frottage has changed and developed as a contemporary art practice since the exhibition?
Allegra Pesenti:
Artists continue to experiment with rubbing and frottage and the practice continues to stretch into new territories - whether sensory, physical, or performative. The Jazz musician and composer Jason Moran traces the taps of his keyboard onto paper and creates some of the most poignant and deeply moving ‘recordings’ of his sounds and improvisations.
Tom Harper:
And what is it about rubbing that draws artists time and time again to use this most basic and ancient of drawing methods; What is it about this process that keeps it relevant in contemporary art and in particular drawing?
Allegra Pesenti:
Perhaps the very fact that it is so basic and accessible, yet also deeply layered and complex in its possibilities.
Tom Harper: Since Apparitions, frottage and rubbings are being used as the mainstay of artists like Ingrid Calame and strongly featuring in the work of high-profile artists such as Kiki Smith and Catherine Anyango Grünewald. Have any artists stood out for you since the exhibition that you think are important and that you would have included in the exhibition if it had been put on today?
Allegra Pesenti:
As I mention above, Jason Moran for sure. I love the work of Kiki Smith and would certainly include her if I were to do a take two of this exhibition. There are so many artists I would have loved to include but couldn’t for reasons of space and accessibility…so I’ll save that list for the next iteration!
Raquel Serrano Interview
Raquel Serrano is a fine art doctorate student at the university of seville. She was awarded a fellowship in print at Camberwell College of Art in the spring term of 2022. She uses rubbings and frottage and plans to continue to do so as part of her research. I asked her if she was willing to do a short, informal interview and she most gratifyingly agreed.
Here is what transpired:
Tom Harper:
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What is it about frottage that excites you and how did you come to see this as an important part of your practice?
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Raquel Serrano:
I became interested in frottage from my PhD supervisor María del Mar Bernal who wrote a great article on the subject. (https://tecnicasdegrabado.es/2020/el-frottage-todo-esta-en-el-roce). I am interested in experimentation with the printed image and how printing can turn into drawing. The images produced by say rubbings replaces the reality of what was there. I want to question what the reality of an image is. I like how rubbings can look like quite abstract images but are in fact highly representational. So, the image is the surface, but the surface is moved from its original place. I’m playing with our concept of an image and the concept of perception.
Tom Harper:
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What new materials are you using to make your rubbings and why?
Raquel Serrano:
I have been working with canvas recently and I have found it can be very pragmatic in a lot of situations, especially when you are outside and rubbing on the ground. Before I was working with large sheets of paper, using a sponge and graphite powder to apply the rubbing. I have found that, unlike paper, fabrics like canvas are both more durable, and much more pragmatic when you are outside. They will not ruin if they get wet and they can even be machine washed if you apply fixating beforehand. They do not weigh much so they can easily be transported, and it allows you to work in large formats since it is difficult to find paper rolls of that magnitude. I also found that you can add eyelets and can easily be stretched out in a space like a painting. This makes them very pragmatic for very large rubbings in a way that paper just doesn’t easily allow for, especially when thinking about hanging them in a space. They also have a more haptic element to them; in that they can become quite sculptural. You can fold, crumple and manipulate them in many ways.
Raquel, Serrano, Transfer the surface, Frottage graphite on canvas, 100 x 375 cm 2022
Tom Harper:
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What artists have you researched and what is it about their work that you find fascinating?
Raquel Serrano:
I am interested in the works of Juan Carlos Bracho who has rubbed the walls of a gallery space with graphite. By drawing directly onto the walls in this way, he creates beautiful ephemeral drawings, that get erased from the space after the exhibition ends. I am interested in the imprintment of the land itself and have appreciation for the work of Andrea Gregson, who takes large scale rubbings of rock formations. All these artists reflect on the space itself, moving the surfaces, manipulating them, folding them and turning the images of reality into three-dimensional elements, which invite the viewer to inhabit the image
This interview was great for considering my methods and new choices of materials and the artists who use them. I experimented with using canvas for rubbings as I may wish to use it in the future if I go outside or for works that need to be hardier and need to be on the floor or manipulated in some way. (see process and critical reflection).
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Taking rubbings at the Type Archive
After doing some research to see where I might find some historic printing machinery to further my research, I came across The Type Archive, which housed an assemblage of historic printing presses. I spoke with the curator, Sallie Morris, and to my delight I was given not only a tour of the archive but also allowed to take some rubbings of the machinery.
The archive has some truly amazing artifacts from the past and it was fascinating to delve deeper into the history of print. I settled on the Wharfdale-style machine called the “Defiance”, which was made in Yorkshire by inventor David Payne back in the 1860’s. This machine revolutionised the printing trade and it was an incredible honour and with great excitement that I undertook the task of producing a print of the press that had created perhaps millions of prints itself. The extra weight of historical importance of the machine was something I had never been able to engage with before with a space or object and it really added to the interest and significance of the work for me.
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Rubbing the Wharfdale not only helped me further develop my visual language but also formed a greater emotional connection with these archaic, increasingly rare artifacts. This feeling was only enhanced by the knowledge that the archive was losing its funding and would no longer be open to visitors. The very machine I was rubbing would soon be stored away somewhere indefinitely, behind closed doors. I came closer to understanding why these machines have emotional significance and importance. The arts and culture are under increasing threat and these prints could perhaps be a way of showing what we are losing as a society.
The experience of this enigmatic space and its relics, dripping with the history and the importance of Britain’s cultural and technological heritage makes me keen for further opportunities. There are other institutions that I could attempt to contact based on connections I have made with the curator there. I feel trying to approach collections, archives and institutions of this sort could be an important part of my practice in the future.
White Chapel Gallery
I have been interested in what it is about the studio and creative spaces that fascinate me and why they are worth commemorating through my interventions. I wished to contextualise my understanding of the wider debate surrounding the studio in contemporary art practice and so after doing some research I went to Whitechapel Gallery to gain further insight. I was most fortunate that it was having an exhibition that touched on this issue. The exhibition itself, A century of the artist’s studio 1920-2020 was very illuminating, concerning itself with the notion of the studio space, both as a public space to showcase the artists identity or as a private space to "take refuge, reflect, experiment and even cannibalise the studio itself." (see contexts to read more about how this important exhibition helped my practice).
TOM HARPER
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RELEVANT CONTEXTUAL RESEARCH
This page will document the contexts which I have gathered which are relevant to my research and the exploration of the critical discourses that inform my ideas.
MEMORY AND THE MAKING PROCESS
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APPARITIONS: FROTTAGES AND RUBBINGS FROM 1860 TO NOW
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In the first term, I repeatedly used the Drawing Room library’s extensive and specialist collections, to assist in my research. I found the exhibition Apparitions: Frottages and Rubbings from 1860 to Now and its catalogue very relevant to my own practice to the extent that it helped me to further situate it1(See references). The exhibition is one of the few to specialize in celebrating the rich historic sweep of frottage and rubbing within the modern arts from its beginnings to the near present day.
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It touches on the primitiveness of the marking making technique, describing it as “one of the most basic forms of drawing.” Yet despite this simplicity, it has strong powers of expression. For Michaux, it was the most direct form of expression2. This directness, formed by a strong sense of physical tactility, brings a greater awareness of being in the moment and creating a powerful more long-lasting experience. The gesture and direction of marks is a strong, tiring physical movement, that requires active participation in how the marks will end up on paper; an active participation that can be shared with the audience through drawing. Even the messy, dirty nature of the process adds to this effect.
Indeed, multiple scientific studies have shown that “haptic perception” produces superior long-term memory than simply visual perception alone3, with even digital reading being inferior to the spatial memory brought about from the memory anchor points of physical touch4. This physicality, so at odds with most image making today seen principally on black, shiny smooth mirrors of light, is totally at odds with the traceless and fleeting nature of digital imagery. It is the uniqueness of touch in this form of drawing that makes it such an unparalled tool for capturing the memory and space of a moment in time. Its distinctive marking-making allows for a more truthful representation of the process of making in the print room. The viewer is faced with a kind of time capsule of making- processes in situ, the edited history of which is shown by the hand of the artist5.
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TACITA DEAN AND MOTION CAPTURE : DRAWING AND THE MOVING IMAGE
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Another book that proved useful for thinking about discourses in art relevant to my practice was Motion capture : drawing and the moving image. This discussed the work of artists who use drawing and moving images as part of their practice. It was interesting to me as I am using analogue projection as a means of laying out imagery and thinking about scale and composition. I became aware of the conversation surrounding analogue and digitalization in contemporary practice6. This was expounded further during our seminar discussions and piqued my interest. I was wondering how this paradigm affects my own practice. I was making work that somewhat uncomfortably straddled both the digital and the analogue. I thought about what it is about drawing and printmaking that still gives it relevance.
It also introduced me to the work of Tacita Dean and the concept of “medium specificity”, arguing that the structural ground of any work of art is essential to its identity.7” Analogue process, that requires you to test, retest and work things repeatedly to solve problems is exactly the nuanced creative research that allows for art works to reach a higher plane of existence, and what is essentially missing in digitalized instantaneity8. Drawings allow for recordings of feelings and movements; they show gestures and some kind of permanence that something actually existed. Dean touches on the point that digital “leaves no trace”. There is no feeling of place, no physicality, movement or tangible gesture. Yet my practice certainly relies on it for various methods. This is an interesting and difficult relationship which I wish to more clearly define as I continue to make work.
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Foot Notes
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Apparitions: Frottages and Rubbings from 1860 to Now i.See also: https://www.menil.org/exhibitions/234-apparitions-frottages-and-rubbings-from-1860-to-now
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Ibid p15
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3 https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0956797618803644?journalCode=pssa
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https://hechingerreport.org/evidence-increases-for-reading-on-paper-instead-of-screens/
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like Apparitions: Frottages and Rubbings from 1860 to Now“the imprint of an artist’s identity” p16
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6 Bismuth, P., KrcÌŒmaE. and Lewis Glucksman Gallery (2012). Motion capture : drawing and the moving image. Cork: Lewis Glucksman Gallery, University College Cork. p10
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Ibid p14
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8 Dean, T. (2018). Tacita Dean : 1992-2018n[1], Selected writing. London Royal Academy Of Arts. p260
Pesenti, A., Tex, H. and Hammer Museum (2015). Apparitions : frottages and rubbings from 1860 to now. Los Angeles: Hammer Museum ; Houston.
Dean, T. (2018). Tacita Dean : 1992-2018n[1], Selected writing. London Royal Academy Of Arts. And Kearney, F., Packer, M., Lewis Glucksman Gallery and Letterkenny Regional Cultural Centre, Ireland (2012). Motion capture : drawing and the moving image. Cork: Glucksman Gallery.